![]() However, these brain organoids lack the vasculature (the network of blood vessels) that supplies a live brain with nutrients and regulates its development, and which has important roles in brain disorders. These models are easier to study and manipulate than the live organs.īrain organoids have been used to recapitulate brain formation as well as developmental, degenerative and psychiatric brain conditions such as microcephaly, autism and Alzheimer’s disease. To address this issue, scientists have developed models called ‘organoids’ that recapitulate the development of organs using stem cells in the lab. However, studying most organs in live animals or humans is technically difficult, expensive and invasive. ![]() Understanding how the organs form and how their cells behave is essential to finding the causes and treatment for developmental disorders, as well as understanding certain diseases. Thus, the fusion organoids established in this study allow modeling interactions between the neuronal and non-neuronal components in vitro, particularly the vasculature and microglia niche. The incorporated microglia responded actively to immune stimuli to the fused brain organoids and showed ability of engulfing synapses. Fusion organoids also contained functional blood–brain barrier-like structures, as well as microglial cells, a specific population of immune cells in the brain. The fused brain organoids were engrafted with robust vascular network-like structures and exhibited increased number of neural progenitors, in line with the possibility that vessels regulate neural development. In this study, we induced vessel and brain organoids, respectively, and then fused two types of organoids together to obtain vascularized brain organoids. However, the lack of vasculatures, which regulate neurogenesis and brain disorders, limits the utility of brain organoids. Brain organoids have been used to recapitulate the processes of brain development and related diseases.
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